Understanding Security Clearances

A security clearance is a determination that a person is eligible for access to classified national security information. This page explains the clearance levels, the difference between eligibility and access, and how clearances are maintained.

Clearance Levels

Classified information is categorized by the damage its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause to national security (Executive Order 13526):

• Confidential: Damage to national security.
• Secret: Serious damage to national security.
• Top Secret: Exceptionally grave damage to national security.

The level of clearance a person needs depends on the information required for the position, and a higher level involves a more extensive background investigation.

Sensitive Compartmented Information

Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) is classified information related to intelligence sources, methods or analytical processes that is handled in special control systems. Access to SCI is an additional eligibility determination, usually built on a Top Secret clearance, and often has added requirements.

Eligibility Versus Access

• Eligibility is a determination, made through the clearance process, that a person is trustworthy enough to be considered for access.
• Access also requires a need to know the specific information and a position that calls for it.

Holding a clearance does not by itself entitle a person to see classified information.

How Clearances Are Granted and Kept

• Application: The SF-86 is submitted, and a background investigation is conducted.
• Adjudication: Eligibility is decided under the 13 guidelines in Security Executive Agent Directive 4 (SEAD 4).
• Continuing obligations: Cleared individuals are subject to periodic reinvestigation or continuous vetting, and must report certain changes and events.

A clearance can be suspended or revoked if concerns arise after it is granted.

Why Clearances Matter

• Employment: Many federal and contractor positions require a clearance as a condition of the job.
• Protecting information: The clearance process is designed to ensure that people with access to classified information have been vetted for reliability and trustworthiness.

If a Problem Arises

If a clearance is denied, suspended or revoked, there are administrative procedures for responding and appealing. These have short deadlines, so a notice should be reviewed promptly.

A security clearance is both a condition of many careers and an ongoing responsibility. Understanding how it works makes it easier to protect and, if necessary, to defend.